Recovery after severe spinal cord injury is notoriously fraught, with permanent paralysis often the result. In recent years, researchers have increasingly turned to stem cell-based therapies as a potential method for repairing and replacing damaged nerve cells. They have struggled, however, to overcome numerous innate barriers, including myelin, a mixture of insulating proteins and lipids that helps speed impulses through adult nerve fibers but also inhibits neuronal growth.
However, in a new paper published in Science Translational Medicine, researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine report that adult rat myelin actually stimulated axonal outgrowth in rat neural precursor cells (NPCs) and human induced pluripotent (iPSC)-derived neural stem cells (NSCs).
“It is really a remarkable finding because myelin is known to be a potent inhibitor of adult axon regeneration,” says Mark Tuszynski, professor of neuroscience and director of the UC San Diego Translational Neuroscience Institute (San Diego, USA). “But that is not the case with precursor neurons or those derived from stem cells.”
Tuszynski’s team, as well as colleagues in Germany and Singapore, monitored neurite outgrowth from NPCs and NSCs growing on a myelin substrate in petri dishes. Neurites are projections from the cell bodies of neurons, either axons or dendrites. In both cases, they found outgrowth enhanced threefold.
In subsequent studies using rats with spinal cord injuries, the researchers found that rat NPCs and human iPSC-derived NSCs implanted at the injury site both extended greater numbers of axons through adult central nervous system white matter than through grey matter, and preferentially associated with rat host myelin.
Paring away some of the myelin molecules known to strongly inhibit axonal growth, Tuszynski and colleagues identified a molecule called reuronal growth regulator 1 (or Negr1) as a potential mediator between axons and myelin, permitting the former’s growth. Negr1 is involved in the process by which cells attach to neighboring cells and interact. The growth factor plays an important role during embryological development, when neurons are growing rapidly but before myelin begins to have an inhibitory effect.
“When we implant neural stem cells into sites of spinal cord injury, they extend tens of thousands of axons out of the injury site for distances of up to 50 millimeters,” says Tuszynski. “Adult axons on the other hand, when coaxed to grow, extend 100 axons for a distance of one millimeter. These findings identify why axon outgrowth from neural stem cell implants is so much better than injured adult axons.”
The findings support the developing approach of using neural precursor cells and iPSC-derived stem cells as a viable and promising method for repairing spinal cord injuries, write the study authors. More specifically, they point to the need to further investigate the stimulatory effects of myelin on NPCs and NSCs, which “could potentially be exploited for neural repair after spinal cord injury.”
Funding for this research came, in part, from the Veterans Administration, the National Institutes of Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Bernard and Anne Spitzer Charitable Trust, the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G Adelson Medical Research Foundation and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
